Category Archives: Literature

Working Title: Scholars Before Researchers – Not a Precis, yet…

As you scroll down you might notice that the precis is missing….  This is because, well, because it is missing….  This morning I have decided to put my “works in progress” into this blog.

This is also an open invitation for you to write a precis on this article.  It is a rather interesting article.  The title of this one caught my eye.  A quick scan confirmed and my curiosity was appeased.  This is why this one is here.  A precis will follow — I just don’t know quite when.

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Article:  Scholars Before Researchers:  On the Centrality of the Dissertation Literature Review in Research Preparation

Authors: David N. Boote and Penny Belle

Source:  Educational Researcher.  2005, Vol. 34, No.6, pages 3-15

http://www.sagepub.com/mertensstudy/articles/Ch_3-1.pdf

My copy was downloaded on November 18, 2014.

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My Precis

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My Precis Expanded (a summary of the original article):

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I found the original article through a Google Scholar search.  My “Free” copy of this article came from here:  http://www.sagepub.com/mertensstudy/articles/Ch_3-1.pdf

What is a Precis?

A Precis is a form of summary that is most often used to summarize works of non-fiction and speeches.  A precis is original writing.  It does not contain any of the precis author’s own thoughts but rather, summarizes someone else’s writing using the precis author’s own words.  There is no (or very little) quoting.

A precis is not the precis writer’s ideas about the original work.  Those thoughts and ideas belong in discussion, later.  A precis should be written in as precise a manner as possible.  A precis is the basic thesis of the original work, less the details, summarized.

 

How to Write A Precis

I find that starting with something I am unfamiliar with is easier.  I can concentrate more on what the author is saying and less on whether or not I agree with what the author is saying.

So, find a piece of non-fiction writing.  Start at the beginning with the first paragraph, what is the author telling you?  Summarize this paragraph into about one sentence.  Go to the next paragraph….

If you are writing a precise on an article — peer-reviewed, newspaper, blog, etc. — or speech, the writing that you are summarizing probably doesn’t have many paragraphs.  A book just takes longer!

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When you have summarized each paragraph, combine your writing by combining the sentences into a paragraph or, several paragraphs, and edit!

When you have a paragraph or paragraphs that make sense, repeat the process.  Again, summarize your writing into one or more sentences.  Go back to making paragraph(s) and repeat until you have only a clear and concise summary remaining.  It may be as little as a single sentence or your summary may require a few paragraphs.  This is your precis.

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Clear and concise is the most important part of this process.  Eliminate all repetition and unnecessary words (but not until you have it all in your original set of sentences).  You need to understand and summarize everything from the original writing!

Following through the process can surprise you.  Preconceived ideas about what the unsummarized writing is about, may disappear when we have thoroughly read and understood what was written…..

The Discovery of an Element – Argon

I can only imagine the excitement of discovering something so unique as  a new gas and there seemed to be much enthusiasm in this lecture.  To come to the realization that the discovery might be an element, well…. I think that it is a good thing that Lord Rayleigh decided to continue upon his rather “unacceptable” career as a scientist.

This is a lecture filled with unfamiliar words and details.  If I have anything wrong, please let me know.  I look forward to hearing from you!

 

The Article

Rayleigh, Lord. 1895. Argon. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Vol. 1, No. 26 (Jun. 28, 1895), 701-712.

 

My Precis

Using scientific methods of derivation and measurement, evidence of a new gas and possibly a new element called  “Argon” has been found.

 

My Precis Expanded

More than 50 years ago the French scientist, Regnault, introduced scientific methods of weighing gases and using these methods weights were obtained for nitrogens derived in two different manners.  It was found that the results varied even after the tests were repeated. We explored this discrepancy, rather than erasing its existence, by repeating the experiments of deriving nitrogen through both atmospheric and chemical means. The methods gave consistently different weights and quality and further testing proved that the new, lighter gas was not a mixture of gases or impure but pure nitrogen and the heavier ingredient we had isolated was given the name “Argon.”

The spectrum of argon obtained from the oxygen and chemical methods are the same and the density has been found to be between 19.9 and 19.7 with a ratio of specific heats of 1.65. The theoretical limit of specific heats is 1.67 and ordinary gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, etc., have numbers around 1.4. Therefore the density of argon places it into a type of gas known as monatomic.

This evidence strongly suggests that Argon is an element.

 

I found the original article here and downloaded my copy on September 5, 2014:

http://www.jstore.org/stable/1624351

This article is more easily available using this link.  If you have any trouble locating the article please contact me or, call your local college or university library for assistance.

A (Non-Earth Shattering) Precis on Ancient Rice Agriculture

I have a favourite subject at school, archaeology.  I don’t see the digging up of artifacts as a means to an end and by this I mean:  identify, catalogue, store or display, move on….  I do mean that I believe we can combine the knowledge we gain about what was happening a million years ago, a thousand years ago, yesterday — and use our insights to discover who we are today and where we are going.

I have written a precis.  I write very short summaries when I am doing research papers for the classes I take at the local polytechnic. This one was partially written as I studied for a final exam.  I have finished it to place it here.

 

Anping, P., 1998. Notes on New Advancements and Revelations in the Agricultural Archaeology of Early Rice Domestication in the Dongting Lake Region. Antiquity 72, 878-885.

 

My Precis

Ancient grains of rice found in Liyang Plain archaeological sites reveal to us that rice agriculture may have developed quickly in this region and concurrently with other, nearby sites.

 

My Precis Expanded:

The Liyang Plain lies to the north of Dongting Lake and includes the Li River and the associated lake and tributary system. The area has abundant rainfall and sunshine which result in favourable geographical and environmental conditions for humans and agriculture.

The archaeological site of Pengtoushan was uncovered in 1988 and Bashidang was discovered soon after. Six excavations in the Bashidang have revealed Neolithic sites that yielded rice kernels as well as other plant and animal remains. Prof. Zhang Wenru of the Chinese Agricultural University was invited to do a preliminary assessment of the Bashidang rice and three major characteristics of the Bashidang rice as a ‘small grain ancient rice’ were identified.

Findings in these sites show that the population dates from early Paleolithic until Neolithic periods with domesticated and wild rice remains dating to 10,000 B.P. Rice culture developed here very quickly, possibly with the aid of good environmental and climate conditions that encouraged population growth in the area.

 

I found the original article here:

http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.kwantlen.ca:2080/ehost/detail/detail?vid=4&sid=e96e7ff0-7e78-418a-811f-5470a5cba853%40sessionmgr110&hid=123&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=aph&AN=1460047

If you have any trouble locating the article please contact me or, call your local college or university library for assistance.

 

Please leave a comment.  Whether you agree or disagree with what I have understood from this article, your thoughts are of interest to me.  All published articles are, or should be, available to everyone.  Sometimes it takes a bit of effort…

 

A Precis on Pink Salmon

We enjoy watching birds in bird houses!

Bees get bee boxes

Salmon have a better chance of successfully spawning in purpose-built spawning channels.

I have written a precis.  I write very short summaries when I am doing research papers for the classes I take at the local polytechnic.  I think it might make sense to put some of them here.

It is salmon season in British Columbia and so I have randomly chosen a research article on salmon spawning.

The Article:

Cook, K.V., McConnachie, S.H., Gilmour, K.M., Hinch, S.G., Cooke, S.J., 2011. Fitness and Behavioral Correlates of Pre-Stress and Stress-Induced Plasma Cortisol Titers in Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Upon Arrival at Spawning Grounds. Hormones and Behavior, 60, 489-497.

My Precis

Aiding Pacific Pink Salmon with purpose-built spawning channels lowers stress levels and increases the chances of successful spawning.

My precis, expanded:

The hormone cortisol is produced by Pacific salmon en route to spawning grounds as a response to coping with the necessary imperative of spawning. As Pacific salmon have only a single breeding opportunity in their lifetime the natural stress effect of “natal stream homing” produces large amounts of cortisol and results in an early death.

The salmon in this study arrived in a fully monitored holding area where they were counted and examined before being released into an artificial spawning channel. Continued observation showed that the longer a female was in the spawning channel, the greater the chance she had of dropping and defending her eggs successfully. This study links reproductive success to cortisol levels and the findings are consistent with other studies and with evolutionary theory in that cortisol levels and stress response are indicators of sexual maturity and spawning success.

More variability in cortisol levels have been found in salmon spawning in the wild than in artificial spawning runs suggests that there may be factors for success other than cortisol levels to be taken into account. Comparatively, there is a greater chance of spawning success in purpose-built spawning channels than in the wild.

Find the original article here:

http://www.fecpl.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/HB-Cook-et-al-2011.pdf

If you have any trouble locating the article please contact me or, call your local college or university library for assistance.

Please leave a comment.  Whether you agree or disagree with what I have understood from this article, your thoughts are of interest to me.  All published articles are, or should be, available to everyone.  Sometimes it takes a bit of effort…

Gifts….

The only gift I consider more valuable than a gift from the heart, the gift of knowledge….

Show someone you care, teach them!

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Language exerts hidden power,like a moon on the tides.

Rita May Brown

Précis Writing

This morning I have come to the conclusion that my writing, my essays and term papers, are a series of précis.  The subject of this paper is the looting of archaeological sites.  At about 3,000 words it is not as long as an average book chapter, however, it divides easily into sections.  There are four examples, each very different from one another, that cover the related topics of looting, conservation, and education.  The discussion brings the examples together and talks about who is doing what.  The conclusion looks at the who and the what and I make a suggestion.

It is a pretty normal paper but, I think that maybe it could be a bit more….  I hand it in this afternoon.  I am, and this is not normal for me, already looking forward to receiving it back!

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I have a habit, when writing papers, of opening the file and immediately re-saving it using a consecutive numbering system.  For this paper my files were labeled  with the name of the paper and the numbers 1 through 10.  Shorter papers may only have 3 or 4 revision numbers.  These are not really revisions though, they are simply a growing work.  Baby steps that take me towards a finished product.  Each step adds a few paragraphs or even pages.  These will be rearranged and sometimes dropped as unnecessary or redundant.  The final step before editing will be to add in transitional paragraphs.

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Kierkegaard began Fear and Trembling with the story of Abraham on the Mount.  The first chapter of this book is taken from the Bible.  Word for word.  The second chapter almost repeats the first chapter, there are only a few changes and they are not easy to spot.  When I read this book the first time I thought the publisher had made a mistake and printed the first chapter twice.  No, it was not a mistake!  In the third chapter the retelling of Abraham’s story becomes much more noticeable.

If you have not read Fear and Trembling by Soren Kierkegaard I recommend it.  The book is not a long one, however, it is memorable.

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Translations of a translation.  This morning I am pondering a project that I thought of a while ago.  Kierkegaard did not use a translation to get his points across.  He rewrote the story to make it clear to his readers what the story was about.

I am not Kierkegaard.  (There are friends of mine just let out several deep sighs….)  My thoughts, my project, is to take a work of old or middle English and to translate it.  Then to translate my translation, and again….

What to choose?  Where I could I take it?

There are so many tales of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table.  Many written in old and middle English.  Chaucer is in there, and Mallory.  I need to think about this.  I could just choose a small piece of writing to work with – definitely more approachable than an entire work.

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Isn’t translating and revising and retelling what we humans do?  Writing books, building houses, making dinner?  Mmmm….  This tastes wonderful!  How about if we have the leftovers tomorrow and we can add those wonderful tomatoes your mother grew!

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Translation  —  Transition  —  Transformation

Pictograph  —  Linear A  —  Linear B

They might all say the same thing, but then, maybe not….